African Americans In The South Essays - Slavery In The United States

African Americans In The South Essays - Slavery In The United States African Americans In The South As a social and economic institution, slavery originated in the times when humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering. Slave labor became commonplace in ancient Greece and Rome. Slaves were created through the capture of enemies, the birth of children to slave parents, and means of punishment. Enslaved Africans represented many different peoples, each with distinct cultures, religions, and languages. Most originated from the coast or the interior of West Africa, between present-day Senegal and Angola. Other enslaved peoples originally came from Madagascar and Tanzania in East Africa. Slavery became of major economic importance after the sixteenth century with the European conquest of South and Central America. These slaves had a great impact on the sugar and tobacco industries. A triangular trade route was established with Europe for alcohol and firearms in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then traded with Americans for molasses and (later) cotton. In 1619 the first black slave arrived in Virginia. The demands of European consumers for New World crops and goods helped fuel the slave trade. A strong family and community life helped sustain African Americans in slavery. People often chose their own partners, lived under the same roof, raised children together, and protected each other. Brutal treatment at the hands of slaveholders, however, threatened black family life. Enslaved women experienced sexual exploitation at the hands of slaveholders and overseers. Bondspeople lived with the constant fear of being sold away from their loved ones, with no chance of reunion. Historians estimate that most bondspeople were sold at least once in their lives. No event was more traumatic in the lives of enslaved individuals than that of forcible separation from their families. People sometimes fled when they heard of an impending sale. During the 17th and 18th century enslaved African Americans in the Upper South mostly raised tobacco. In coastal South Carolina and Georgia, they harvested indigo for dye and grew rice, using agricultural expertise brought with them from Africa. By the 1800s rice, sugar, and cotton became the South's leading cash crops. The patenting of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 made it possible for workers to gin separate the seeds from the fiber some 600 to 700 pounds daily, or ten times more cotton than permitted by hand. The Industrial Revolution, centered in Great Britain, quadrupled the demand for cotton, which soon became America's leading export. Planters' acute need for more cotton workers helped expand southern slavery. By the Civil War, the South exported more than a million tons of cotton annually to Great Britain and the North. An area still called the Black Belt, which stretched across Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, grew some 80 percent of the nation's crop. In parts of the Black Belt, enslaved African Americans made up more than three-fourths of the total population. Even though slavery existed throughout the original thirteen colonies, nearly all the northern states, inspired by American independence, ab olished slavery by 1804. As a matter of conscience some southern slaveholders also freed their slaves or permitted them to purchase their freedom. Until the early 1800s, many southern states allowed these emancipations to legally take place. Although the Federal Government outlawed the overseas slave trade in 1808, the southern enslaved African American population continued to grow. By 1860 some 4 million enslaved African Americans lived throughout the South. Only Southern states believed slavery to be a major, and essential, economic factor. Whether on a small farm or a large plantation, most enslaved people were agricultural laborers. They worked literally from sunrise to sunset in the fields or at other jobs. Some bondspeople held specialized jobs as artisans, skilled laborers, or factory workers. A smaller number worked as cooks, butlers, or maids. Slavery became an issue in the economic struggles between Southern plantation owners and Northern industrialists in the first half of the 19th century, a struggle that culminated in the American Civil War. Despite the common perception to the contrary, the war was not fought primarily on the slavery issue. Abraham Lincoln, however, saw the political advantages of promising freedom for Southern slaves, and the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted in 1863. This was reinforced after the war by the 13th,

Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase was one of the largest land deals in history. In 1803, the United States paid approximately $15 million dollars to France for more than 800,000 square miles of land. This land deal was arguably the greatest achievement of Thomas Jeffersons presidency, but it also posed a major philosophical problem for Jefferson.​ Thomas Jefferson, the Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson was strongly anti-federalist. Although he participated in the writing of the Declaration of Independence, he did not author the Constitution. Instead, the Constitution was mainly written by Federalists such as James Madison. Jefferson spoke against a strong federal government and instead advocated states rights. He feared tyranny of any kind and only recognized the need for a strong, central government in terms of foreign affairs. He was concerned that the Constitution did not address the liberties that were protected by the Bill of Rights and did not call for term limits for the president. Jeffersons philosophy regarding the role of the central government is most clearly seen when investigating his disagreement with Alexander Hamilton over the creation of a national bank. Hamilton was a staunch supporter of a strong central government. A national bank was not expressly mentioned in the Constitution, but Hamilton thought that the elastic clause (U.S. Const. art. I,  § 8, cl. 18) gave the government the power to create such a body. Jefferson completely disagreed. He held that all powers given to the national government were enumerated or expressed. If they were not expressly mentioned in the Constitution, then they were reserved to the states. Jeffersons Compromise In completing the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson had to put aside his principles because this type of transaction was not expressly mentioned in the Constitution. Had he waited for a constitutional amendment, however, the deal might have fallen through. With the support of the American people, Jefferson decided to go through with the purchase. Jefferson needed to move quickly when he discovered that Spain had signed a secret treaty with France in 1801 ceding Louisiana to France. France suddenly posed a potential threat to America. The fear was that if America did not purchase New Orleans from France, it could lead to war. The change of ownership from Spain to France resulted in the closure of the ports warehouses to Americans, and it was feared that France would move to cut off Americas access to the port entirely. Jefferson sent envoys to France to try to secure the purchase of New Orleans. Instead, they returned with an agreement to buy the entire Louisiana Territory as Napoleon needed money for the impending war against England. Importance of the Louisiana Purchase With the purchase of this new territory, the land area of America nearly doubled. However, the exact southern and western boundaries were not defined in the purchase. America would have to work with Spain to negotiate the specific details of these boundaries. When Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led a small expeditionary group called the Corps of Discovery into the territory, this was just the beginning of Americas fascination with exploring the West. Whether or not America had a Manifest Destiny to span from sea to sea as was often the rallying cry of the early to mid-19th century, its desire to control this territory cannot be denied. Sources â€Å"Louisiana Purchase, The.†Ã‚  Monticello, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/louisiana-lewis-clark/the-louisiana-purchase/.Mullen, Pierce. â€Å"Financing the Purchase.†Ã‚  Discovering Lewis Clark ®, Lewis Clark Fort Mandan Foundation, Lewis Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, and the National Park Service Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, www.lewis-clark.org/article/316.

Analysing organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysing organisation - Essay Example The key insights from Meyerson & Martin (1987) indicate that organisation is a culture imbued with the collective beliefs, meanings and values of the people and not a discrete variable. The three paradigms seem to diverge and converge on certain aspects and reveal the real status of large organisations. Consider Integration paradigm that aims to bring together disparate groups of employees by creating a single encompassing structure that glues together all. However, paradigm 2 differentiation does not agree with paradigm 1 and it indicates that culture is made up of a number of conciliatory and opposing views. The third paradigm of ambiguity is aligned with paradigm 2 since it proposes that people have contradictory views in an organisation. The three insights are best represented in the following figure. The key insight from Meyerson & Martin (1987) is that out of these paradigms, one would be dominant while others serve as sub cultures. The three paradigms have diverging implications and they would tend to produce mixed results when a cultural change is needed. One factor that emerges is the quality of leadership that guides and ushers in organisational change. Meyerson & Martin (1987) conclude that the best method is to use paradigm 1, integration, since it can be used to bring various cultures under the dominant organisational culture. Yet at the same time, integration allows individuals to maintain their unique characteristics so that they agree and differ on certain view while maintaining the organisational goals and objectives. The key insights can be applied in practice by using the principles mentioned by Meyerson & Martin (1987) who used these paradigms to analyse the operations of Peace Corps in Africa. In this case, volunteers from different African nations with different and often opposing ideology came together.

The use of Non-Invasive Blood Pressure measurement devices to Essay

The use of Non-Invasive Blood Pressure measurement devices to accurately measure irregular heart rhythms - Essay Example The impulse for evidence-based practice is fuelled by pressures from the tax payer and the healthcare facilities who strive for lesser costs, improved access to information and better understanding of treatment and care options among the clients. Rycroft-Malone et al. (2004) defined evidence-based practice as the provision of clinical practice with the aid of the best possible evidence available. Evidence-based practice promotes change in the education/learning of nursing students that encourages them to indulge more on research that is relevant to the practice and encourages a collaborative partnership with clinicians. According to Dougherty and Lister (2011), it is vital to have a wide knowledge about the different forms of evidence that relate to the daily encounters of nurses in clinical practice. The aim of the study is to investigate evidence of the difference in the accuracy of using automated and manual blood pressure measurement device on patients with irregular heartbeats in a bid to determine the better method of obtaining the readings. A literature search was accomplished using electronic databases such as Science Direct and by hand searching. Key words included in the search included: Blood Pressure, measurements, accuracy and BP measurement devices. Undesired articles were filtered by limiting the search to articles published after the year 2000 to date to ensure that they were recent. The search was further limited to adult patients since the study involved only the adult patients. The search included both male and female patients since the study was not influenced by the sex of the patient as key terms. After a systematic research, a number of relevant literatures was obtained. 6 articles from the search were found to be relevant.

Media studies coursework Essay Example for Free

Media studies coursework Essay This is a tabloid newspaper that has been designed for a certain variety of readers. It is a light hearted, easy to read institute that thrives on sex and scandal. Although the paper can be quite serious, for example where there are political issues to be discussed, they are constantly using humour in the paper to get the reader more involved with what they are reading. The chosen institute is the Daily Mirror a rival of many other tabloid papers like the Sun newspaper. The paper is dated Monday March 17 2003 and priced at 25 pence. The main news events are Michael Jacksons interview with Martin Bashir and the fact that there may not only be one Saddam Hussein on this earth. These stories are newsworthy because the war is currently in the public eye; also the public want to know about celebrities as it refers to scandal on the front page. The main focus on this particular front page is the interview that took place between Michael Jackson and Martin Bashir; it draws your attention straight away as there is a very strong coloured image that is bigger than anything else on the page. This story also gets the lead story headline that the reader is drawn to straight away as the font is black on a white background making it stand out. It is also in block capitals making it easy and clear to read. The coloured image of Jackson and Bashir has been given a third of the page but the whole story has been given over half the page. The headline that reads Split of truth works very well with the still image. The image that has been chosen is very strong because it shows that Bashir has been welcomed into Jackson house like a friend and he has gone and betrayed him. To the reader this is scandal, and then even better there is a very well known celebrity involved. There is also a side headline advertising that if you want the full story of what happened during the interview, there are another four pages that have been dedicated to the story. Over the black background, in white it says Bashir betrays Jacko the reader will want to know how exactly Jackson has been betrayed. This is the main point of this news event that Michael Jackson has been betrayed. This particular story is taking Jacksons point of view in consideration, and is taking the opportunity to only express one view. The interview of Michaels former wife has been used on the front page as this makes the report more believable; when the quote from his former wife was used on the front page it was not finished as this will make the reader want to buy the paper in order to read on. The secondary lead is the one concerning that there may be more than one Saddam Hussein. It has been dedicated about a quarter of the page. Lots of coloured images of Saddam Hussein have been used; making it go very well with the headline title Spot the difference this has been written in white in a stencilled army font. Then it has been placed over a dark background making it clear. The secondary headline is relatively small being careful not to take the attention away from the lead story. Below the headline it say Special report! this suggests to the reader that only this institute has the answers you are looking for and it is special because nobody else has it. Coming of the left hand bottom corner is a magnifier with a brief explanation of what the story is about. The main point of the article is that there is more than one Saddam Hussein, and the angle that is being taken is that the truth will be revealed. The small explanation is very short but suggests that lots of research has been done on the matter, making the evidence believable. The language used for the lead story is very informal as this reading material is for a wide variety of people. The headline Split of truth is almost a play of words to go with the split image, giving the story a less serious side. In this particular story, it has taken a biased angle of siding with Michael Jackson, you can detect this from the way in which the side headline says Bashir betrays Jacko although the paper has taken Jacksons point of view they still dont let the seriousness of the event overcome the story completely so they still refer to Jackson as Jacko a name that has been given to him originally from the media. The language used for the secondary lead is also informal, using words to play with there images like Spot the difference something that the naked eye cannot do, so they are trying to convince the reader that they have the evidence to prove what some say to be right, this almost show a biased angle suggesting that what they are saying is the truth. Humour has been used in both stories with the way it refers to Michael as Jacko and the way in which the secondary story has been set out. It has been used as this get the reader more involved with what they are reading, it is also more likely that it will stick in their head and they will tell others what they have read. The sentence length used for the headlines is short and snappy allowing the reader to remember what they have read. The paper is edited to welcome an audience of different race, class, gender, sexuality and religion. You can see this from any of the stories, nothing has been pointed at any of these issues, nor are there any innuendos that have been made to any of these aspects. The editors have to be careful not to offend anybody in this manor as many of there own readers are of different sex, class, religion etc. It is also open to reader of all ages as they include stars like Jackson who are loved by children all across the glob and the language is in a gossipy form making it easy to read and more fun. The audience are free to make any points they wish to, this is one reason why I believe it is good that the stories are bias, so the tabloid are able to make a reaction something which they would not be able to achieve if both sides of the argument were given. When the audience are reading this they are able to read it in an active way as only one side of the story has been expressed. The front page is set out in a very clear way making it easy for the reader to pick up on something if they disagree with it. The use of colour and catchy headline make the paper appear to be very attractive. On this front page Michael Jackson has been represented in a positive way, giving him a chance to tell his story of what happened. The overall view of the front page is that of the good features that are its focus, which dont just concentrate on one particular story but each one has a good point about it whether it be a catchy headline, attractive colour picture like the one of Michael Jackson and Martin Bashir that gives a strong image to the story or the use of humour, not only used in the main story but used in the second lead to. Excellent use of phases like special report definitely imparts the reader towards the news. The only bad point about this front page was for the secondary lead there could have been some use of quotation for the reader to see, although I think that the image that has been used is enough to make a reader pick up this particular tabloid paper. I believe that this front cover is successful in its target audience because there is something for everyone, it just depends on whether the reader would like to read something light hearted or a bit more serious.

Ancient Native American Traditions Essay -- History culture Indians Es

Ancient Native American Traditions The novel "Reservation Blues" does not describe or deal with real Indians. The real Native Americans were forever destroyed by the government the second that they set foot upon the makeshift reservation. That very second saw the perish of all the age-long values and traditions that, before that moment, defined, raised, and watched over every Indian boy and girl, every Indian husband and wife, and every Indian father and mother. The U.S. government easily and nonviolently accomplished what the army has been struggling to do for many years, it wiped out a whole race of people, turning them into a mindless horde that was of concern to no one. The result were people who were hardly more Indian than you or me, people without culture, morals, or traditions; these people were lost. The only thing they had in common was the color of their skin and nothing else. This paper takes a look at ancient Native American traditions such as: unity, storytelling, communication with nature, and pride in their culture and shows how they were all but absent from this particular reservation and the mindsets of its inhabitants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The greatest thing that Indians shared is unity. Their culture viewed the tribe as a living and breathing thing, needing every member's cooperation and participation in order to survive. Throughout the years, Indians have always relied on each other for help and support, whether hunting, raising children, or defending their territory. In addition, possessions were shared equally between the members, and everything was done for the benefit of the tribe. On the Spokane reservation there is no such concept as unity. People live for their own good, barely tolerating their own kind. Defying their ancestor's traditions, characters such as Victor and Joseph bully others into submission in order to get what they want or just for fun. Michael White Hawk attacks the band members out of jealousy. After the band starts their public performances, the whole town splits into two groups, one supporting the musicians, the other detesting them. There is no unity to be found anywher e. Same thing goes for support. Not many souls believed in them. "Tribal Chairman David WalksAlong was even more pessimistic about the future of Coyote Springs. "Listen, those Skins ain't got a chance in New York City...Coyote Springs is done for. I'm... ... and courageous animal, looked up to by the children, but in the real world it was simply a mean of amusement. The Spokane tribe had hastily forgot one of the most important concepts of Indian heritage, the concept that should have defined them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only thing on the Spokane reservation that still contained Indian culture and heritage was Big Mom, or the nature. However, no Indian ever remembered, or wished to remember his or her own roots. They knew about Big Mom’s existence, yet they refused to believe in her. It was simpler to live life as they did, without any real purpose or direction. â€Å"There were a million stories about Big Mom. But no matter how many stories were told, Indians still refused to believe in her. Even though she lived on the reservation, some Spokanes still doubted her.†(199) She watched the Indians deny and defy everything that was in their culture, all the traditions and all of the morals, powerless to stop it. The-man-who-was-probably-Lakota saw and understood what was happening, and repeated the same line over and over again, â€Å"The end of the world is near, the end of the world is near.† However, for these Indians the end had already came and gone.

Family Education Essay

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. It is my pleasure to be here to give you a presentation. First of all, I have several questions for all of you. (PPT) How much do you know about your children? (Is there any teacher would like to share some ideas?) As for students, do you communicate with your parents often? Can you talk like close friends? Well, your answers can be quite different as your parents from distinct backgrounds have their own means of parenting. So today,(PPT) I am going to talk about family education, something important during our early age and may influence us a lot in future’s life. Particularly, I will compare family education between western families and Chinese households to highlight some significant factors. First of all, I found a macroscopical view about the obvious difference between Chinese and western family education on the internet (PPT) that said everything is provided for kids in China and parents advocate free development in western countries. Since it states only part of the picture, now let’s enjoy a small performance carried out by my classmates, which may give you an impressive and clear sight of what the difference actually is. (PPT)This is a situation that shows the reaction of parents from China and a western country respectively when their kids plan to do a wild adventure. (PPT) Well, now I hope you all can have this sort of feeling after you enjoy the show, (PPT)that the purposes of parenting is definitely the same around the world. Whereas, different instructive concepts and approaches create the distinguishing circumstances for children to grow up. (PPT) So, I am going to explain the difference in three main aspects as I suppose: (PPT) the extent that parents respect and value children’s self-will; the protection that parents offer to their kids; and the styles of communication between parents and children in daily life. (PPT) In the first place, western parents are relatively more democratic and care more about the development of children’s personalities and thoughts. However, they may neglect those enticing affairs which might mislead the young kids. In contrary, Chinese parents want their kids to grow up in the way they set for their children. In this case, kids seem to have no opportunities to try  those things they may have more interests and talents in. (PPT) Secondly, many parents in China are against kids doing things with danger, because they are afraid of children getting hurt to affect their physical growth. But in western families, parents are likely to encourage kids to meet challenges and experience adventures, as well as give children enough space to cultivate their independence. (PPT) Thirdly, while western parents usually talk to their children like friends or colleagues, with sharing their opinions to expand kids’ own ideas and teach them how to think, some Chinese parents are confused about the ways communicating with their children. They desire their kids to understand and even support their educating methods without realizing that their children may have already been weary about the parenting. Well, have you gained something new about the difference between family education in China and western nations from above description? (PPT) I want invite you to witness the change of parents’ attitudes from China and that western country toward the situation we mentioned at the beginning of my presentation. Welcome my classmates again. Thanks them very much for enriching my speech.(PPT) Well, I believe that a conclusion may be came out now, that the successful family education can be the result of cultivation of one’s morality and positive attitude toward life. (PPT) What is more, whoever Chinese parents or western parents should both pay more attention on building the equal and closer relationship with their children, as well as treat them as special individuals, then the kids are likely to have a better opportunity to grow up in this kind of atmosphere. (PPT) Overall, I’d like to add that if we are more creative and optimistic, there will be a wonderful future for all of us.

World History: The Worst Dictator of Them All

I will be comparing and contrasting three dictators, Hitler, Stalin, and Mao. These three men are considered to be the world’s mass murdering dictator and I would like to investigate which one of them is the worst one of them all. Hitler who was Fuhrer for Germany is infamous for his doings in World War II and his killing of Jewish people. Then there is Stalin who caused the great terror in USSR and used cunning schemes to achieve his goals and was a key person during the Cold War. Finally there is Mao Zedong the great Chinese revolutionist who fought against the Chinese Nationalist Party and changed China in many ways using many social and economic policies. I will be judging â€Å"worst dictator† by the amount of death, social and economic problems caused during their rule and will also consider the rise to their power as a basis to judge these three dictators. I will be giving worst dictator to whoever has the most death and worst social and economic problems considering their position. In the social and economic problems caused it will be mainly be the leader create talking about policies and whether or not it was successful or not. I will also take in the consideration of propaganda used by dictators to influence the people’s trust. Firstly, Mao Zedong the President of the People’s Republic China or formerly known Chairman of the People’s Republic China started out to be a mere librarian working in a Chinese college. He then joins the Chinese communist party that rebels against the existing ruling Nationalist party in China, the KMT. Mao led his rebels across china fighting and running away from the KMT. However in October 1st of 1949 he creates the People’s Republic of China and turns China into communist. Many Chinese liked and followed him due to his status as legendary revolutionist who bettered the poor and fought for the people who could not fight. In 1958, he sets out to do the Great Leap Forward, which was simply put a 5-year plan type of scheme where the goal was to modernize China radically. This reformation involved large agricultural communes and about 75,000 farmers, these communes did their own collective farms and families. Following Marxist principles all wages were equally shared amongst the families in the commune. Each family also received a small strip of land. However by 1962 this reformation stopped due to Soviet Union could not afford to back up China and this failure caused Mao to resign from his post as Chairman of PRC. Many had died of starvation and about 50 million died at this point. Even though he resigned Mao was openly still playing politics, in 1966 he would start an initiative called the Great Cultural Revolution.Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide This involved in the Chinese government allowing critics of the government to openly speak out against the government and China. This was totally against what Mao had installed when he was Chairman, he took away all forms of freedom of speech and had installed many Marxist ideas that were implied by Soviet Union. After the critics finished criticizing the government and Mao, he gathered up college students and made them attack the critics. Proclaiming that these student body were the Red Guard, who had a responsibility to protect China, Mao started ordering unexplainable orders. During this time there was a politician by the name of Liu Shiaoqi who had notions of wage differentiation and freedom of speech. Mao gave out orders such as banning education, never to consider intellectuals as superiors, and killed roughly around 78 million Chinese people by this time (including Tibet incident). However this was all indirect killing. He then gave almost all his power to the Gang of Four who caused many troubles and the Chinese public despised them. Everyone liked Mao even though he killed so many people and caused so many disturbances. His image as great revolutionary leader is still believed today by many Chinese people and much of his wrongdoings is erased from Chinese history. Mao Zedong’s points are his mass murder of his own people and destruction of class system, which caused many problems, while rising to power his cunning ideas and tactics are admirable, and he always fought for the peasants at all times which is considered as a good thing. Even though he killed many people all these killings were accidental or more like unplanned. He also had a cult of personality, which still exists today. Next is Josef Stalin the General secretary of the Central Committee of the communist Party. This man succeeded Lenin who was the leader of USSR and first ever man to successfully implement communism into a country and was considered a Great revolutionist. He rose to power from his position as a secretary of the party to Leader of USSR by using Lenin’s cult of personality and pretending to be number one disciple. He would team up with his opponents who wanted his position against one main army then change up his teams. In this way he would always be on the winning side and his opponents never considered him a big threat, in this way he tricked and conned his way to become one of the most ruthless leaders USSR has ever seen. After his consolidation of power he soon worked on getting rid of all opponents and all future opponents. He first got rid of Leon Trotsky who was Lenin’s second in command to Mexico. Then one by one he got rid of all intellectuals in USSR. Soon he was the only one in USSR with any proper intellect. This purge of Intellectuals depleted USSR’s brainpower completely. After getting rid of the brainpower in USSR he started to implements plan to modernize USSR. His goal was to be able to stand side by side against the Capitalist nations. To achieve these goals he used death camps called Gulags to maintain a rigid control over all counterrevolutionary actions. Then killed the kulak, landlords who owned farm property, and then killed any peasants have any success. In this way Stalin created a mass famine, which killed 23,000,000 people. Unlike Mao, he did this on purpose due to his fear of counterrevolutionaries and opposition to his power. While Stalin boasted that USSR was having successful economic situations during the Great depression in America parts of Ukraine did not have food and many died. After this incident, he acted a major part in ending the World War II. They defeated the Nazis who invaded European country. However Stalin ordered Russian army to stay put in the country they had just liberated from the Nazis. In this way he was able to procure Satellite states. In the Tehran and Yalta meetings amongst the Big Three, he was able to argue equally amongst Churchill and Roosevelt. In this way he was allowed to keep satellite states however the next American president and Stalin did not get along as well. Eventually Cold war started and Stalin implemented mass production of arms. He died on 1953. Even though his methods were harsh he was able to modernize USSR into a world power that was at one point equal to America. Stalin is still considered as a hero amongst some Russians, this is mainly due to history books in Russia do not talk about Stalin’s misdeeds. His misguided methods were very harsh however it produced results, which Stalin sought for. His mass murder of 23,000,000 people was done on purpose unlike Mao, which makes him a very scary man. Stalin’s personality was one of a calculative and methodical almost like a serial killer. He wanted to satisfy his own goals, which was to be better than the Capitalist nation, mainly America. Stalin’s points are that he killed many people during the modernization of USSR, his cunning methods when he was rising to power, his method to spread communism by using satellite states, and he also made USSR into a Super Power. His successor Nikita had to use De-Stalinization due to Stabilize USSR and make sure it was a safer place to be in. Finally, Adolf Hitler the most famous mass murder and mastermind behind World War II. His genocide of Jewish people is famous amongst all people. He was a painter in Vienna before he formed the Nazi party. He looked for rich patrons to support his work but the Jewish patrons, most patron are Jewish. However they all rejected him and his hatred towards Jewish people started to grow. He then joins a political party and later on forms the Nazi party. He becomes the leader of this party and leads the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. He was arrested in this event and then held at prison for 5 years. He wrote his book â€Å"Mein Kampf † and starts to scheme political methods to get his revenge on the Jews. His pride as Germans started rising and he became very Nationalistic after the Great depression which caused the Germany to fall down with America due to the huge debts owed by Germany given out by America. This was to pay war reparations to other countries, from World War I. Hitler saw this as a sign of weakness on America’s part and started to do special speeches to the German people using carefully rehearsed speeches. In this way the Nazi party was elected to German Reichstag. Soon Hitler massed enough influence to become Chancellor of Germany and switched took over instead for democracy he becomes the Dictator of Germany and creates a one party state. Soon he felt compelled to take back what was rightfully German and took back Rhineland. Then soon took Austria, next came Czechoslovakia and then the other European nations started to feel threatened and attacked Germany. This was the start to World War II however before all this when Hitler was just the President of Germany he used his SS to destroy and harass all Jewish people and objects. He used terms as sub-human and started the mass genocide of Jews in Europe, this lead to about twelve million Jews dead. Hitler was a very nationalistic person and could not be considered sane considering the fact that he took revenge by climbing to the top most position in Germany which he used to say he was against and then killing twelve million innocent Jews are serial killer kind of actions. His points are his sudden rise to power and he was just plain crazy. As a dictator he was just crazy compared to the other two dictators. I think the worst dictator goes to Mao Zedong, due to mass murder of seventy-eight million people and being a former intellectual but still destroying all beings proclaiming to be intelligent is beyond comprehension. Even though he wanted to modernize China and help out the peasants and make everyone equal, there is no point in destroying the education system and making a group of people suffer just to make another group happy. Also the fact that he was a former librarian just makes it all the worse he should have realized the value in having intelligent people. Unlike Hitler who was crazy I think Mao Zedong as he became older became senile and dumb which is why he started the Great Cultural Revolution. Also even though his actions before becoming Chairman of China was very calculative after he became Chairman of China he seems to lack importance to life. He does not care about how many people die just for his policies to work. Which just shows a crazy person or a sick person’s mind. However I believe he just turned senile and slowly lost his edge.

Should I Take a Gap Year 6 Reasons the Answer Is Yes

Should I Take a Gap Year 6 Reasons the Answer Is Yes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Not excited about the idea of starting another year of school in the fall? What if you could instead take a break from school and spend a year backpacking around Europe, volunteering for a cause you care about, or getting paid to work on a cruise ship? With a gap year all those things possible! Have you heard of gap years but aren’t sure what they are?Do you know other people taking gap years but aren’t sure if they’re a good idea for you? What are the benefits of taking a gap year anyway?In this guide, I use my own gap year experience to explain the major benefits of gap year programs and why they’re such a great choice for many students. I end with some tips to ensure you get the most out of your own gap year. My Gap Year Experience By the time I finished my Master’s degree, I was 24 years old and burnt out from years of non-stop studying, writing papers, and taking tests. I was applying to all sorts of jobs, but I wasn’t excited about any of them.After years of spending all my time and energy on school, my life had become boring, and I felt like I was just going through the motions without actually enjoying myself or doing the things I cared about or was interested in. I kept going because I felt like I didn’t have any other choice than to jump straight from school to a career. One day, while scrolling through Facebook, I saw pictures posted by a friend currently traveling through Europe. She was on an around-the-world trip, and, while I’d scoffed when she’d told me she was quitting her job to travel, I had to admit that she looked happier than I did at the moment.Looking through her photos, I realized that that was what I wanted to be doing with my life: seeing new places, learning new things, meeting new people. Why couldn’t I do what my friend was doing? Maybe not quite as extreme as traveling around the world (I had students loans to pay off after all), but why couldn’t I change up my life and do something exciting? Why did I have to go straight from high school to college to grad school to a corporate job? I weighed the options for a few weeks, but in the end, choosing between taking a job I wasn’t interested in or spending a year having experiences I’d dreamed of having wasn’t a hard decision to make. I did some research and found that gap years are actually a fairly common experience in certain parts of the world. People who do a gap year can travel, get work experience, take a class they’ve always been interested in, learn a foreign language, do volunteer work, and more. Really anything you think is interesting or exciting could be the basis of your gap year. After looking at numerous options, I decided to spend my gap year teaching English at a high school in northeast France. I also had enough time on the side to volunteer at an environmental organization I was interested in.My parents and friends were largely supportive, but when I told my school advisor what I’d be doing, she was horrified. She told me I was making a terrible decision and warned me that not taking a job in the field I’d studied in would have a serious negative impact on my career. â€Å"Not to mention employers will think you look lazy,† she added. Those comments made me nervous, but I still felt like I was making the right decision. As a matter of fact, not only did I not torpedo my career, I came away with a host of new skills and a better idea of the kind of job I wanted, both of which made it fairly easy for me to find a job I was happy with once my gap year ended.More important though, was the fact that I finally felt like I was doing what I wanted with my life. I look back on my gap year now as one of the best decisions I’ve made, and many others who’ve taken gap years would agree. 6 Reasons To Take a Gap Year It’s easy to get caught up in the idea of taking a gap year, but you may also still have a lot of doubts about actually doing it. Your parents or teachers may also need some more convincing before they get on board with the idea of you taking a gap year. Whatever the case, here are six of the biggest gap year benefits. Read through them and you’ll see that a gap year can have all sorts of benefits for you academically, professionally, and personally. #1: It Can Boost Your GPA If you’re worried that taking a year off from school will cause your grades to suffer once you go back, don’t be! Studies of gap year students have shown that people who take a gap year actually get higher grades in college compared to their peers who don’t take a gap year. Why is this? There are several potential reasons. Many students, especially at those at risk of academic burn-out, benefit from taking a year off studying so they can return with more energy and motivation. Taking a gap year that relates to your future career can also help you get more excited about your studies so you’re more interested in your classes and motivated to do well. Planning and carrying out a gap year also often increases your organization skills, maturity, and confidence, all of which can help you do better in school once you return. If I could change one thing about my gap year, I would have done it earlier, either before I went to college or immediately after. By the time I took my gap year, I had been in school for nearly 20 years straight, and I spent the last year of my Master’s program just trying to get my work done as quickly as possible because I was so sick of school. Taking a gap year earlier would likely have helped me reset and go through grad school with more motivation and energy. #2: You Can Get Serious Work Experience A gap year is often a great way to get experience specifically related to the career you want. Many companies and organizations offer half-year or full-year internships or volunteer positions, but most people can’t do them because they are busy with school or work. This means these positions are actually often easier to get than many summer jobs, and since they’re longer you’ll have the benefit of gaining more experience and making stronger connections with the people you’re working with. This can mean better letters of recommendation and useful contacts when you’re trying to get a job later on down the line. If you spend your entire gap year working in the field you want to go into you’ll have experience that few other college students do. That can help set you apart in the future when you’re applying to jobs or grad school.By the end of my gap year, I had a full year of teaching experience, a year of volunteering experience at an NGO, and I had significantly improved my French skills. Any one of those could make me more qualified for potential jobs. #3: You’ll Gain New Skills You may not want to spend your gap year working in the field you plan on majoring in and getting a career in, and that’s also fine. Plenty of people choose to spend their gap year doing something they’d never have a chance to do otherwise, and the good thing is, you’ll still gain useful skills and knowledge, even if they’re not directly related to your future career.So if you’ve always wanted to learn how to survive in the wilderness, explore South America, work at a ski lodge, etc., this is the time to do those things. Also, you may end up using some of those skills in your future jobs, even if you didn’t think you would at the time. During my gap year, I learned all about the ins-and-outs of the French education system, which I thought was interesting at the time, but not something I’d ever need to know again.As it turns out, I later got jobs with a focus on international education, and many of the things I learned in France were still applicable for those jobs. So that information has been useful after all! #4: You Can Make Money This isn’t the case for all gap years, obviously, but if you decide to take a job or an internship during your gap year that pays, you could make a significant chunk of change during that year.Even if your job only pays minimum wage, you can still make about $15,000 in a year if you work full time, and you can put that money towards paying for school or another expense. If you choose to use your gap year salary to help pay for school, not only will you be able to take out fewer loans initially, but because your loans are smaller, they’ll accrue less interest than larger loans would. Student loan interest alone can easily total several thousand dollars by the time you graduate, so if you use your gap year job to pay for more of your school costs upfront, you’ll be saving money in two ways: by taking out fewer loans and by having less interest on those smaller loans. #5: You’ll Meet Tons of New People No matter what you decide to do during your gap year, you’re practically guaranteed to meet new people.Even if you already have great friends, a gap year is an excellent way to meet different kinds of people you wouldn’t normally come across. And in addition to expanding your social circle, you can even use these new friends as networking contacts if they work in a field you want a job in or know someone who can get you a job. Networking and finding useful career contacts is something colleges regularly encourage students to do, and you’ll be ahead of the pack if you start doing this during your gap year program. #6: You’ll Get a Better Idea of What You Want to Do Many students are reluctant to take a gap year because they worry it’ll put them â€Å"behind† their friends and peers, but that’s hardly the case.Taking a gap year can help you get a much better sense of what kind of career you actually want.This can save you years of time and tens of thousands of dollars in tuition money compared to graduating with a certain degree, taking a job in that field, and then realizing it’s not what you want to do with your life. When I was in college, I had lots of friends who wanted to be doctors. Only a fraction of them ended up graduating from med school; the rest realized medicine wasn’t actually the field for them. Many of them only came to this conclusion after graduating college with degrees in human biology, and a few even started med school before changing their career goals and dropping out. It’s not a guarantee, but these students may have had a much better idea of whether medicine was right for them if they’d spent a gap year working in a hospital or shadowing a doctor.Even if this put them â€Å"behind† for a year, it’s much less time and money lost compared to people who don’t discover until after college that they don’t like the career they got their major in and now need to find a different job or go back to school and get a new degree. Taking a gap year early on can actually put you ahead of a lot of your peers because you’ll have a better idea of what you want.Even though I spent most of my time during my gap year teaching English to French students, the part that I thought would be most useful for my future career was the volunteering I did at an environmental NGO since that’s the kind of career I thought I wanted.As it turned out, during my gap year I discovered I didn’t like that kind of work at all, and although it was somewhat alarming to realize I suddenly had to rethink my future, it was much better to figure that out earlier than after returning from the gap year, applying to a bunch of NGO jobs, getting one, probably moving somewhere new, and realizing I hated it. You could also go do a gap year in something you never considered a career in, love it, and end up deciding to get future jobs in that field. I have a friend who was majoring in engineering, but she spent a gap year working as a concierge in a hotel and ended up deciding to pursue a career in hotel management. You really only know if a certain career is a good fit for you after you try it out, and a gap year is a great, low-risk way to get that experience. 3 Tips For Planning a Great Gap Year In order to get all or many of the gap year benefits we just discussed above, you have to put some thought and planning into your gap year. Waiting until the last minute to figure how you’re spending the year could still lead to a positive experience, but in order to get the most out of your gap year, start your planning at least several months ahead of time (many of the most competitive jobs and internships have application deadlines around this time), and follow the three tips below. Figure Out What You Want to Accomplish During Your Gap Year The most important part of planning your gap year is to decide what your goals for it are.Do you want to travel? Earn some money? Volunteer for an organization you love? Gain experience in the field you want to go into? Start with your broad goal(s) for your gap year and gradually narrow them. If you want to travel where do you want to travel to? What do you hope to gain from traveling? Will you need to work to help cover your expenses?If you want work experience, what kind of places would you like to work at? Does it have to be paid, or can you do unpaid or volunteer work? What are you hoping to gain from the work experience? Something to put on your resume, professional connections, both?Keep asking yourself questions about what you want from your gap year until you have a solid idea of exactly what you’re hoping to get from it. Here’s the list I came up with for my gap year goals: Travel to new places Learn foreign language skills Get experience working for non-profits Make enough money to support myself After doing a lot of research, I decided that teaching English in France, while volunteering at a nearby non-profit, was the perfect way to meet each of those goals. Decide on Your Timeline and Budget Early On Figuring out what you want to do during your gap year isn’t the only important decision you’ll make. You also need to figure out early on how much time and money you can put towards your gap year. Most people spend an entire year on their gap year, but you may only be able to spend part of a year due to classes or work. Figure that out early on so you don’t end up applying to jobs or programs you can’t complete.Setting a timeline also ensures your gap year won’t stretch on indefinitely, a fear some parents have for their children. If you’re worried about your gap year going longer than you originally planned, having a firm end date set upfront can help you stick to your schedule, as can choosing gap year programs with their own end dates, such as visas that expire or classes that end after a certain number of months.When I got my job in France, my work visa was only valid for a year, which gave me a nonnegotiable deadline for when I had to leave. Budget is also important. If you’re going to be living with your parents during your gap year, you may have few or no expenses, but if your gap year includes travel and/or a program with admission fees, those costs could quickly add up.Again, figuring out how much you can spend on your gap year early on will reduce the chances of you finding a program or activity you love only to later realize it’s not in your budget.I had a bit of money budgeted for my gap year, but I also knew I’d need to get a job that paid me so I could cover my living expenses and begin paying off my student loans. Keep Yourself Busy If you spend your gap year working, say, ten hours a week at a job or volunteer position, that isn’t the best use of your time. You’ll have so much downtime that the experience will detract from your future college and work applications rather than enhance them.You want to make sure you’re spending your time productively during your gap year, which may mean taking more than one job or doing a combination of classes and work. You don’t need to exhaust yourself, but aiming for about 30-40 hours of work/classes a week is a good benchmark to set. This ensures you’re getting the most out of your gap year benefits and shows schools and employers that you’re a hard worker and who your time productively. My job as an English teacher only took up about 25-30 hours a week, so I used my extra time to take French classes, volunteer at an environmental organization, and travel around Europe on the weekends. Teaching English was the main purpose of my gap year, but filling my time with other activities helped me get the most out of my experience and gave me more to talk about when asked how I spent the year. Conclusion: Should I Take a Gap Year? Is a gap year a good idea? Gap years aren’t for everyone; some people are happy to stick to the path they’re on or can’t take a year away from work or school, and that’s fine. However, for many people, a gap year is a great way to do something you’ve only dreamed of doing, whether that’s traveling to a new part of the world, hiking the Appalachian Trail, working on a cruise ship, or whatever else you’re interested in. Some people dislike gap year programs because they feel students are too young to do them, or they think it’s more important for students to finish their education first and get some work experience before taking a year off. However, there will never be an easier time in your life to take a gap year. As you get older, things like student loans, mortgages, families, and jobs you don’t want to leave begin to pile up, making it harder and harder to achieve your goal of a gap year the longer you wait. Postponing your gap year can often mean it won’t happen at all, so take advantage of one of the few times when you can uproot your life and try something new without lots of things holding you back.Before I decided to take a gap year, I was worried I was going to mess up my life by not following the â€Å"plan† I was told was the way to success, but not only was my gap year a great experience, it put me in a better spot financially and professionally than I had been at before. What's Next? Have you decided to do a gap year?Get more information on how to find gap year ideas and start planning with our complete guide to gap years. Do you have the opportunity to study abroad in high school? This comprehensive guide discusses what it means to study abroad as a high schooler. Thinking about doing a volunteer abroad program?Read our guide to learnif volunteering abroad is really a good idea and what you should look for when selecting a program. 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The Assembly of Athens Known as the Ecclesia

The Assembly of Athens Known as the Ecclesia Ecclesia (Ekklesia) is the term used for the assembly in Greek city-states (poleis), including Athens. The ecclesia was a meeting place where the citizens could speak their minds and try to influence one another in the political process. Normally at Athens, the Ecclesia assembled at the pnyx (an open-air auditorium west of the Acropolis with a retaining wall, orators stand, and an altar), but it was one of the jobs of the boules prytaneis (leaders) to post the agenda and location of the next meeting of the Assembly. On the pandia (All Zeus festival) the Assembly met in the Theatre of Dionysus. Membership At 18, young Athenian males were enrolled in their demes citizen lists  and then served for two years in the military. Afterward, they could be in the Assembly, unless otherwise restricted. They might be disallowed while owing a debt to the public treasury or for having been removed from the demes roster of citizens. Someone convicted of prostituting himself or of beating/failing to support his family may have been denied membership in the Assembly. The Schedule In the 4th century, the boule scheduled 4 meetings during each prytany. Since a prytany was about 1/10 of a year, this means there were 40 Assembly meetings each year. One of the 4 meetings was a kyria ecclesia Sovereign Assembly. There were also 3 regular Assemblies. At one of these, private citizen-suppliants could present any concern. There may have been additional synkletoi ecclesiai Called-together Assemblies summoned at short notice, as for emergencies. Ecclesia Leadership By the mid-4th century, 9 members of the boule who were not serving as prytaneis (leaders) were chosen to run the Assembly as proedroi. They would decide when to cut off discussion and put matters to a vote. Freedom of Speech Freedom of speech was essential to the idea of the Assembly. Regardless of his status, a citizen could speak; however, those over 50 could speak first. The herald ascertained who wished to speak. Payment for Assembly Members In 411, when oligarchy was temporarily established in Athens, a law was passed prohibiting pay for political activity, but in the 4th century, members of the Assembly received pay in order to ensure the poor could participate. Pay changed over time, going from 1 obol/meeting- not enough to persuade people to go to the Assembly- to 3 obols, which could have been high enough to pack the Assembly. What the Assembly decreed was preserved and made public, recording the decree, its date, and the names of the officials who held the vote. Sources Christopher W. Blackwell, â€Å"The Assembly,† in C.W. Blackwell, ed., DÄ“mos: Classical Athenian Democracy (A. Mahoney and R. Scaife, edd., The Stoa: a consortium for electronic publication in the humanities [www.stoa.org]) edition of March 26, 2003.

The Thought Experiment in the Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Research Paper

The Thought Experiment in the Foundations of Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example However, this is limited to a text only channel such as a keyboard and display screen to display the results. The test involves an interrogator, a machine and a person. The interrogator should be in a room separated from both the machine and the other person. All participants are in fact completely separated from each other, whereby both the machine and the person are designated labels X and Y. This means that he does not know which one is the machine and which one is the person at the beginning of the game. The interrogator’s objective is to distinguish between the two using a series of questions on the machine and the other person as well. The questions could be of the form â€Å"Will X please tell me whether X plays chess?† (Oppy Graham, Dowe David, 2011, The Turing Test, para. 7). Both must answer the question. The machine’s objective is to try and convince the interrogator that it’s indeed the other person, while the person tries to help him identify correctly which one is the machine. If the interrogator fails to reliably tell the machine from the human, then the machine is said to have passed the test. The test does not check the ability to give the correct answer; however it checks how closely the answer resembles that of a typical human answer. ... The technology available now is far from achieving a credible human-like conversation for five minutes as Turing believed it would. The dynamics of human conversation are far too complex as factors like arrangement of words come into play. This can be well observed in the Loebner Prize Competition; an annual event in which computer programs are submitted to the Turing Test. Such competitions have catalysed the growth of AI technology substantially over the years, whereby programs like ELIZA came up. In 1997, one exceptional program called CONVERSE, developed by David Levi and his team, including a well-known researcher in computational linguistics, Yorick Wilks, won the Loebner Prize competition (William J. Rapaport, 2005, The Turing Test). Turing’s experiments focuses mainly on an AI machine’s ability to understand natural language. However this test has undergone some objections over time whereby some people suggest that it is chauvinistic i.e. it only recognizes inte lligence in things that have the capacity to sustain a conversation with humans. Others thought that the Turing Test is not sufficiently demanding. Turing (1950) however considered possible objections to his claim that machines can â€Å"think†. He went ahead and labelled them such as; The Theological objection, the â€Å"Heads in the sand† objection, The Argument from Consciousness, Arguments from Various Disabilities, Lady Lovelace's Objection, Argument from Continuity of the Nervous System, The Argument from Informality of Behaviour and finally, The Argument from Extra-Sensory Perception (Oppy & Dowe, 2011, Turing (1950) and Responses to Objections, para.1). A rather simplified

Sports Event Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sports Event Management - Assignment Example Tourists are often people from regions outside the venue in which the activity is happening. However, there are incidents of domestic tourists i.e. people from the region within the venue of the tourist attracting event. Tourism is often a source of income to the organising organisation which may or may not be affiliated to the government of that specific country in which the event is taking place. Most of the time the planning of the tourist event involves a government organisation and in such a case the income gained goes to the government. If the event is organized by a non governmental organization then the organization is under obligation to pay tax to the government. Therefore regardless of who is organizing the event, the government earns revenue. The organisers of any tourism event need a strategy to maximize the revenue gained. An event that recurs maybe annually or after a number of years requires that the organisers make it attractive for the visiting tourists so as to encourage a possibility of them coming back again in future and their enjoyment may lead them to favourably sell the destination country (hosting a tourist event) to their friends and family back home. Security is yet another important thing that has to be taken into consideration to guarantee the safety of the visiting tourists. Some events have been cancelled in the past based on security concerns. The organizers have to guarantee the security of every individual attending the tourist event before they can be given the right to host the event. One such tourist event is the world cup 2006 which took place in Germany. Being the 18th instance of the world cup which happens after every four years, Germany was chosen to host the event. German won the right of hosting the event in 2000 and this means that they had six years to prepare for the event. In this event 198 soccer teams representing their nations took part in a qualification process that started in 2003 to see only 31 teams qualify for the finals in Germany (Coleman, 2006). Germany is ranked 7th tourist destination worldwide. The number of tourists visiting German keeps on increasing annually. For example the number of tourists visiting German rose from 23.6 million to 24.4 million in 2006 and 2007 respectively. The number of tourists visiting Germany annually is nothing though compared to France which receives more than twice what German receives annually. Germany therefore set out to utilize the worlds popular and biggest sporting event, world cup 2006, to market itself as a tourist destination. With more than a million visitors that were expected to visit German courtesy of the world cup event, Germany was more than jubilant to receive them because this was a sure boost to it tourism industry. Actually, according to the managing director Tourist Board, Petra Hedorfer, the event was projected to boost the German's domestic economy by more than 9 billion euros. This is extremely impressive for a short term event. The 2006 world cup event was to be more beneficial to German than to boost its domestic economy from the revenue that would come from the more than 1 million visitors most of which were soccer fans. The tourism board planned to use the event as a marketing tool. Through television, German intended to reach the more than 40 million viewers worldwide. This is relatively large audience for the German's tourism promotional advertisements and commercials. German intended to